黨的十八大以來(lái)，在以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央堅(jiān)強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，我國(guó)加快建設(shè)開(kāi)放型經(jīng)濟(jì)新體制，外貿(mào)發(fā)展取得了歷史性的成就。從海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)的角度看，突出體現(xiàn)在量質(zhì)齊升上。
一是貨物貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口連創(chuàng)新高。從2012年的24.4萬(wàn)億元人民幣增至2021年的39.1萬(wàn)億元，增量高達(dá)14.7萬(wàn)億元，2018年突破30萬(wàn)億元大關(guān)，2021年接近40萬(wàn)億元關(guān)口，國(guó)際市場(chǎng)份額由2012年的10.4%提升到去年的13.5%，全球貨物貿(mào)易第一大國(guó)地位更加鞏固。近十年我國(guó)貨物貿(mào)易規(guī)模的不斷躍升，充分體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)不僅是“世界工廠”，也是“世界市場(chǎng)”，在向全球市場(chǎng)提供物美價(jià)廉、琳瑯滿目商品的同時(shí)，也為各國(guó)提供了更廣闊的中國(guó)市場(chǎng)發(fā)展機(jī)遇。
二是全球貨物貿(mào)易第一大國(guó)地位進(jìn)一步鞏固。2017年以來(lái)，我國(guó)貨物貿(mào)易總額連續(xù)5年全球第一。根據(jù)最新數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)算，2021年我國(guó)出口國(guó)際市場(chǎng)份額為15.1%，與2012年相比提升了4個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，這一增量與2001年“入世”時(shí)我國(guó)出口國(guó)際市場(chǎng)份額基本相當(dāng)。同時(shí)，我國(guó)進(jìn)口國(guó)際市場(chǎng)份額自2013年首次突破10%后穩(wěn)步提升至2021年的11.9%。
三是對(duì)外貿(mào)易高質(zhì)量發(fā)展持續(xù)推進(jìn)。外貿(mào)經(jīng)營(yíng)主體活力更足，2021年我國(guó)有進(jìn)出口實(shí)績(jī)的企業(yè)數(shù)量達(dá)56.7萬(wàn)家，是
2012年的l.7倍。外貿(mào)“朋友圈”不斷擴(kuò)大；2013—2021年我國(guó)與“一帶一路”沿線國(guó)家進(jìn)出口總值從6.46萬(wàn)億元增長(zhǎng)至11.6萬(wàn)億元，占同期我國(guó)外貿(mào)總值的比重從25%提升至29.7%。國(guó)內(nèi)區(qū)域布局更加優(yōu)化，中西部地區(qū)進(jìn)出口占比提升6.6個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，由2012年的11.1%升至2021年的17.7%。外貿(mào)發(fā)展新動(dòng)能不斷激發(fā)，2021年綜合保稅區(qū)、自由貿(mào)易試驗(yàn)區(qū)、海南自由貿(mào)易港進(jìn)出口同比分別增長(zhǎng)23.8%、26.4%和57.7%。
值得一提的是，新冠肺炎疫情發(fā)生以來(lái)，我國(guó)積極推動(dòng)國(guó)際抗疫合作，向國(guó)際社會(huì)提供了數(shù)以億計(jì)的口罩、防護(hù)服、檢測(cè)試劑、疫苗等防疫物資。中國(guó)正攜手貿(mào)易伙伴，共同維護(hù)全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈供應(yīng)鏈穩(wěn)定、共同助力世界經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇。
黨的十八大以來(lái)，全國(guó)海關(guān)充分發(fā)揮職能作用，促進(jìn)了外貿(mào)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。
——支持共建“一帶一路”。擴(kuò)大“一帶一路”國(guó)家優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品食品進(jìn)口。2013年至2021年，累計(jì)與“一帶一路”沿線國(guó)家簽署海關(guān)檢驗(yàn)檢疫合作文件超過(guò)400份，推動(dòng)100多種優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品食品實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)華貿(mào)易。深化與“一帶一路”國(guó)家貿(mào)易安全與通關(guān)便利化合作。與48個(gè)國(guó)家（地區(qū)）達(dá)成“經(jīng)認(rèn)證的經(jīng)營(yíng)者”（AEO）互認(rèn)協(xié)議，其中32個(gè)是共建“一帶一路”國(guó)家（地區(qū)）。推進(jìn)中國(guó)國(guó)際貿(mào)易“單一窗口”與共建“一帶一路”國(guó)家的合作交流。據(jù)海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)，2013年至2021年，我國(guó)與“一帶一路”沿線國(guó)家進(jìn)出口總值從6.46萬(wàn)億元增長(zhǎng)至11.6萬(wàn)億元，占同期我國(guó)外貿(mào)總值的比重從25%提升至29.7%。今年前4個(gè)月，我國(guó)與“一帶一路”沿線國(guó)家進(jìn)出口3.97萬(wàn)億元，增長(zhǎng)15.4%，增速高于整體7.5個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。
——持續(xù)優(yōu)化口岸營(yíng)商環(huán)境。進(jìn)出口環(huán)節(jié)監(jiān)管證件由86個(gè)減少到41個(gè)，整體通關(guān)時(shí)間大幅壓縮，2021年12月全國(guó)進(jìn)口、出口整體通關(guān)時(shí)間分別為32.97小時(shí)和1.23小時(shí)，分別較2017年縮短了66.14%和89.98%，制度性交易成本大幅下降。通過(guò)推進(jìn)關(guān)稅保證保險(xiǎn)改革試點(diǎn)，截至2021年底，3775家企業(yè)累計(jì)擔(dān)保稅款5340.2億元，助力企業(yè)降本增效；推進(jìn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易“單一窗口”流程優(yōu)化、業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)同和國(guó)際互聯(lián)互通，為企業(yè)提供全程“一站式”通關(guān)物流信息服務(wù)，優(yōu)化口岸營(yíng)商環(huán)境持續(xù)，進(jìn)出口企業(yè)和人民群眾的獲得感進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。
——推動(dòng)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。北京、天津、石家莊海關(guān)建立協(xié)同工作機(jī)制，支持雄安新區(qū)全面深化改革和擴(kuò)大開(kāi)放，推進(jìn)京津冀自貿(mào)試驗(yàn)區(qū)協(xié)同發(fā)展，快速處置異常問(wèn)題、推進(jìn)海關(guān)全業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域一體化。圍繞《粵港澳大灣區(qū)發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要》，積極推動(dòng)粵港澳大灣區(qū)人員、貨物和運(yùn)輸工具跨境便捷流動(dòng)。粵澳海關(guān)“跨境一鎖”合作范圍擴(kuò)大至整個(gè)大灣區(qū)，口岸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)加快，粵港澳執(zhí)法合作深化。全面落實(shí)《長(zhǎng)江三角洲區(qū)域一體化發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要》，牽頭出臺(tái)兩輪《海關(guān)支持長(zhǎng)三角區(qū)域一體化發(fā)展重點(diǎn)舉措》，服務(wù)長(zhǎng)三角外貿(mào)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。五方面15條措施，在浦東打造社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化海關(guān)的試驗(yàn)田和示范區(qū)。此外，海關(guān)完善工作機(jī)制，細(xì)化支持措施，助力長(zhǎng)江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展、服務(wù)黃河流域生態(tài)保護(hù)和高質(zhì)量發(fā)展、支持成渝雙城經(jīng)濟(jì)圈建設(shè)和西部陸海新通道建設(shè)取得成效。
——支持外貿(mào)新業(yè)態(tài)發(fā)展。“網(wǎng)購(gòu)保稅進(jìn)口”“跨境電商B2B直接出口”“跨境電商出口海外倉(cāng)”等監(jiān)管模式，滿足了跨境電商企業(yè)的通關(guān)需求，助力國(guó)貨“直通全球”。跨境電商零售進(jìn)口退貨中心倉(cāng)模式，使跨境電商零售進(jìn)口商品退貨更加便捷。海關(guān)推動(dòng)跨境電商零售進(jìn)口試點(diǎn)城市（及區(qū)域）擴(kuò)容，并設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)統(tǒng)一的跨境電子商務(wù)通關(guān)管理系統(tǒng)，有效保障跨境電商商品順利通關(guān)。同時(shí)，配合地方政府搭建電子商務(wù)監(jiān)管服務(wù)平臺(tái)，實(shí)現(xiàn)與跨境電商企業(yè)的數(shù)據(jù)交換。交易、支付、物流“三單信息”與申報(bào)信息實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)比對(duì)，在“管得住”的前提下實(shí)現(xiàn)“通得快”。
——推動(dòng)對(duì)外開(kāi)放平臺(tái)建設(shè)。推動(dòng)綜合保稅區(qū)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展，目前，全國(guó)共有綜合保稅區(qū)156個(gè)；積極開(kāi)展自貿(mào)試驗(yàn)區(qū)海關(guān)監(jiān)管制度創(chuàng)新；堅(jiān)持“管得住、放得開(kāi)”原則，研究制定海南自由貿(mào)易港海關(guān)監(jiān)管框架方案。綜合保稅區(qū)、自由貿(mào)易試驗(yàn)區(qū)、海南自由貿(mào)易港進(jìn)出口大幅提升。
——保障和促進(jìn)優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)食產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口。在確保生物安全的前提下，擴(kuò)大進(jìn)口優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)食產(chǎn)品來(lái)源。目前，已實(shí)現(xiàn)119個(gè)國(guó)家（地區(qū)）1107種農(nóng)產(chǎn)品檢疫準(zhǔn)入。依據(jù)雙邊檢疫協(xié)議，對(duì)境外種植、養(yǎng)殖、加工、儲(chǔ)存企業(yè)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格審核，敦促國(guó)外官方加強(qiáng)出口檢驗(yàn)檢疫。實(shí)施進(jìn)境動(dòng)植物預(yù)檢模式改革。全球新冠肺炎疫情暴發(fā)以后，創(chuàng)造性地推出針對(duì)國(guó)（境）外主管部門(mén)和
企業(yè)的遠(yuǎn)程視頻檢查。2012年以來(lái)，累計(jì)有7.1萬(wàn)余家輸華食品企業(yè)在華注冊(cè)。建立境外、口岸、境內(nèi)三道防線，對(duì)農(nóng)食產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行檢疫和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)，既保障了優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)食產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口，又有力防范了重大動(dòng)植物疫情疫病傳入。加強(qiáng)與市場(chǎng)監(jiān)督管理部門(mén)的協(xié)作，積極開(kāi)展食品安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)信息的交流、研判、通報(bào)，加大對(duì)問(wèn)題產(chǎn)品和企業(yè)的處置力度，2012年至2022年2月共退運(yùn)或銷(xiāo)毀來(lái)自138個(gè)國(guó)家（地區(qū)）的進(jìn)口食品28090批，來(lái)自41個(gè)國(guó)家（地區(qū)）的進(jìn)口化妝品1801批。推進(jìn)單證證書(shū)信息電子化，與國(guó)外官方機(jī)構(gòu)開(kāi)展電子證書(shū)聯(lián)網(wǎng)核查，提高企業(yè)通關(guān)效率，降低口岸環(huán)節(jié)成本。
今年我國(guó)外貿(mào)總體開(kāi)局平穩(wěn)，但受內(nèi)外部多重因素影響，當(dāng)前穩(wěn)外貿(mào)壓力顯著增加。海關(guān)總署黨委將堅(jiān)決落實(shí)黨中央、國(guó)務(wù)院決策部署，不斷創(chuàng)新海關(guān)監(jiān)管制度，服務(wù)對(duì)外貿(mào)易大局，以優(yōu)異的成績(jī)迎接黨的二十大勝利召開(kāi)。
Customs Promoting High-Quality Development of Foreign Trade
（May 20, 2022）
General Administration of Customs
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, China has accelerated the building of a new system of open economy and made historic achievements in the development of foreign trade. According to Customs statistics, China’s foreign trade has increased both in volume and quality.
First, foreign trade in goods hit new record highs. China’s foreign trade in goods increased from RMB24.4 trillion in 2012 to RMB39.1 trillion in 2021, up by RMB14.7 trillion. China’s foreign trade in goods exceeded RMB30 trillion in 2018 and reached nearly RMB40 trillion in 2021. China’s global market share increased from 10.4% in 2012 to 13.5% last year, further consolidating China’s role as the world’s largest trader in goods. The rapid growth of China’s foreign trade in goods in the past decade fully reflects that China is not only the “world factory”, but also the “world market”, providing the global market with a great
variety of high-quality and inexpensive goods and offering tremendous opportunities for other countries through the vast Chinese market.
Second, China’s role as the world's largest trader in goods has been consolidated. Since 2017, China has been the world's largest trader in goods for five consecutive years. According to the latest data, China's share of global exports in 2021 was 15.1%, a 4percentage points increase compared to that of 2012. The growth volume basically equals China’s share of global exports in 2001 when China joined the WTO. At the same time, China's share of global imports exceeded 10% for the first time in 2013 and had enjoyed a steady increase ever since to 11.9% in 2021.
Third, progress has been made in ensuring high-quality development of foreign trade. Foreign trade entities have been further invigorated. In 2021, China had 567,000 enterprises with exports’ and imports’ records, 1.7 times higher than that of 2012. China’s “circle of friends” in foreign trade has been broadened. From 2013 to 2021, China's trade with countries along the Belt and Road increased from RMB6.46 trillion to RMB11.6 trillion, the share of which in China’s total foreign trade increased from 25% to 29.7%. Development priorities of regions are better aligned. Foreign trade of the central and western regions accounted for 17.7% of China’s total in 2021, a 6.6 percentage points increase compared to 11.1% in 2012. New drivers of foreign trade have been fostered. In 2021, the imports and exports of integrated bonded areas, pilot free trade zones and the Hainan Free Trade Port grew by 23.8%, 26.4% and 57.7% year-on-year, respectively.
In particular, since the outbreak of COVID-19, China has taken active steps to advance international cooperation on COVID-19 response and provided hundreds of millions of masks, protective suits, testing kits and vaccines to the international community. China is working together with trade partners to contribute to the stability of global industrial chain and supply chain and the recovery of world economy.
Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China Customs has played its due role in promoting high-quality development of foreign trade.
——We have fostered cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative. We have expanded the imports of quality agri-food products to China. From 2013 to 2021, over 400 Customs, Inspection and Quarantine cooperation documents with Belt and Road countries have been signed and more than 100 kinds of quality agri-food products have gained market access to China. We have deepened cooperation with Belt and Road countries to ensure trade security and faster clearance. We have concluded Mutual Recognition Agreements of Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) with 48 countries (regions), 32 of which are Belt and Road countries (regions). We have promoted cooperation and exchange with Belt and Road countries in the area of “Single Window”. According to Customs statistics, from 2013 to 2021, China's imports and exports with countries along the Belt and Road grew from RMB6.46 trillion to RMB11.6 trillion, the share of which in China’s total foreign trade increased from 25% to 29.7%. In the first four months of 2022, China's imports and exports with countries along the Belt and Road reached RMB3.97 trillion, an increase of 15.4%, 7.5 percentage points higher than the overall growth rate of China’s foreign trade.
——We have continuously optimized the business environment at ports. The number of documents required for imports and exports was reduced from 86 to 41, significantly cutting down the overall customs clearance time. In December 2021, the overall Customs clearance time for imports and exports was 32.97 hours and 1.23 hours respectively, which was 66.14% and 89.98% shorter than in 2017, greatly lowering the institutional transaction costs. Through reforming the surety insurance mechanism on tariff, by the end of 2021, we had provided 3,775 enterprises with surety insurance service covering a total of RMB534.02 billion of taxes, thus helping enterprises reduce costs and increase efficiency. We have pressed ahead with procedural optimization, operation coordination and international connectivity of “Single Window”, providing “one-stop” Customs clearance and logistics information services for enterprises and fostering a more enabling business environment at ports, with the sense of fulfillment of foreign trade enterprises and that of people being enhanced.
——We have promoted high-quality development of regional economy. Customs districts of Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang have established a collaborative working mechanism to support Xiong’an New Area in comprehensively deepening reform and opening-up, promote the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region Pilot Free Trade Zones, ensure rapid response to unusual cases and enhance the integration of Customs operations. Following the Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, we have taken active steps to ensure the smooth cross-border movement of people, goods and means of transport in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. We have extended the practice of “Using the same Customs Seal” from between Guangdong and Macao Customs to the entire Greater Bay Area, accelerated the construction of port infrastructure and deepened law enforcement cooperation among Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao Customs. We have fully implemented the Outline Development Plan for the Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta and taken a lead in issuing two rounds of Customs Key Measures in Supporting the Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta, with a view to supporting high-quality development of foreign trade in the Yangtze River Delta. 15 measures from five aspects were released to establish pilot ground and demonstration zones in Pudong, Shanghai for creating a modern socialist Customs. In addition, China Customs has improved the working mechanism and refined supporting measures for the coordinated development of the Yangtze Economic Belt, ecological conservation and high-quality development in the Yellow River basin, the construction of the Chengdu-Chongqing economic zone and the development of the New Land-Sea Transit Routes for the western region, achieving good outcomes.
——We have supported the development of new forms of foreign trade. Customs supervision modes such as “Bonded Import”, “B2B Direct Export” and “Overseas Warehouse” have met the needs of cross-border e-commerce enterprises for faster clearance and helped domestic products “go global”. The model of central warehouse for returned cross-border e-commerce retail import enables the more convenient and faster return of cross-border e-commerce goods. China Customs has expanded the scope of pilot cities (regions) of cross-border e-commerce retail import and developed a unified cross-border e-commerce Customs clearance management system to effectively ensure smooth Customs clearance of cross-border e-commerce goods. At the same time, we have made data exchange possible with cross-border e-commerce enterprises with the support of e-commerce supervision service platforms built by the local governments. Three individual documents concerning transactions, payments and logistics can be automatically checked against declaration information. Under effective supervision, fast Customs clearance has been ensured.
——We have advanced the establishment of a platform for opening up. We have promoted the innovative development of integrated bonded areas. At present, there are 156 integrated bonded areas nationwide. We have innovated the Customs supervision system of pilot free trade zones. Under the principle of opening up wider while ensuring effective supervision, we have developed the Customs control framework for the Hainan Free Trade Port. The imports and exports of integrated bonded areas, pilot free trade zones and the Hainan Free Trade Port have increased significantly.
——We have ensured and promoted the imports of quality agri-food products. Under the precondition of biosecurity, we have expanded the sources of imported quality agri-food products. Currently, 1,107 kinds of agricultural products from 119 countries (regions) have gained market access to China. According to the bilateral SPS-related agreements, we have conducted strict examinations on overseas planting, farming, processing and storage enterprises and urged foreign authorities to strengthen inspection and quarantine of exports. We have implemented the reform of pre-inspection for inbound animals and plants. Since the global outbreak of COVID-19, we have introduced the innovative measure of video inspection for overseas competent authorities and enterprises. Since 2012, a total of more than 71,000 food enterprises exporting to China have been registered in China. We have established three lines of defense, i.e. outside the border, at the border and inside the border, and conducted quarantine and laboratory testing of agri-food products, which not only ensures the import of high-quality agri-food products but also effectively prevents the introduction of major animal and plant epidemics and diseases. We have strengthened collaboration with market regulation authorities and actively carried out exchange, analysis and notification of food safety risks and intensified efforts to the disposal of non-compliant products and enterprises. From 2012 to February 2022, a total of 28,090 batches of imported food from 138 countries (regions) and 1,801 batches of imported cosmetics from 41 countries (regions) were returned or destroyed. We have promoted digital documents and certificates and worked with foreign authorities in networked verification of e-certificates, with the goal of improving the efficiency of Customs clearance and reducing costs at ports.
China’s foreign trade has achieved a stable start this year. However, China is under growing pressure in ensuring stable performance in foreign trade due to various impacts from home and abroad. The CPC Committee of the General Administration of Customs of China will resolutely follow the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council and keep innovating Customs control system, thus contributing to the overall development of foreign trade and setting the stage for the 20th National Congress of the CPC with outstanding achievements.
